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Posted

外国人学上海话省力是因上海话没声调?

2001/09/11 12:42 新浪上海

曾有不少在沪的外国朋友讲过,学说上海话比普通话省力,因为没有四声。

  上海话确实没有声调吗?其实,上海话号称有五个声调,即“阴平、阴仄(或称阴去)、阳舒(或称阳去)、阴入、阳入”,调值分别是“53、34、13、5、2”。

  但是,上海话的声调,是受声韵母限制的。当声母为浊音时为阳类声调,反之为阴类

声调;当韵母是短音时,为入声。也就是说,阳舒、阴入、阳入这三个声调是受音素限定的自然调。唯一要分清的是高降调的阴平和中升调的阴仄声。加上上海话声调趋平,所以使得外国友人认为上海话没声调。

  在一百年前的上海话中,是和周围吴方言一样有八个声调。其他还包括“阴上”调值434、“阳上”调值113、“阳平”调值12或22。但是由于,种种原因这些声调归并了。

  阴上声归入阴去声,成为“阴仄”声,阳类的三个舒声调界线趋于模糊。

  在今天的上海人嘴里还是能听到这些声调的。比如“买卖公平”,其中“买”字声调先抑后扬——阳上,“卖”是个低降调——阳去。阳类声调配与浊音声母,声带震动后声调偏低,界线趋于模糊。但是,一般细细辨别还是能体会期差别,阳平声的字读低升调,声母略带送气,属于仄声的字,可声调略降,不送气。

  总之,相对其他汉语来讲,上海话因为单音素较多,声调的分辨意义功能相对较弱。

Shanghainese tones:

Two actual live tones:

Tone 1: 34 阴去

Tone 2: 53 阴平

Three natural tones (限定的自然调):

13 = voiced 浊音 (阳去)

2' = voiced Rusheng 浊音入声

5' = voiceless Rusheng 清音入声

Five tones total; two live tones and three are related to Rusheng (the short syllables, -k) and voicing (intials with b-,d-,g-,z-,v-,w-,r-,ng-, etc).

BTW, the two digit tone marks are based on a relative pitch from 1 (lowest) to 5 (highest)

Posted

苏州的吴语分4个声调(不是普通话的四声,而是古代汉语四声):

上 平 去 入

每上面的声调还分浊/清音(voiced/voiceless)。 清音=阴,浊音=阳。 所以说有八个声调:

阴上 阴平 阴去 阴入

阳上 阳平 阳去 阳入

现代上海话把上声合并到去声,所有的浊音(阳)也都归到阳去。声调明显简化。

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