Sentence particles and the use of verb+着 (not the compliment)？

[jmido8]

Can anyone help explain to me what all the sentence particles (If I'm using the wrong term, sorry) mean and how they're used? I see them all over chinese, in weixin with my friends, in literature, in tv shows. However, the only ones I really know how to use are 吗，and 吧. Even still, I don't think I even understand the full compacity of what these characters can be used for or why they're used. For example, I know 吗 is for yes or no questions, but the other day, I learned after 3 years of Chinese that 吗 is usually used for yes or no questions that tend to be more open ended such as 明天你要上课吗？ A: 不上课，我要上班。

I see 呢 used all the time and I barely have a grasp on this. I know it's used in follow up questions, like 你吃饭了没？ A: 吃了，你呢？ but I see it used all the time and it doesn't seem as clear cut as that.

I want to learn when to use all the sentence particles and what exactly they all mean so I know 100% when to use them and when not to; 吗，嘛，吧，呗，呀，呢，呐，and any others you can think of.


Also, about verb + 着, I never know when to use verb+着。I think it's supposed to indicate a state of being or something like that but I don't know when something is considered as being in this state of being. I know the grammar verb +着+verb+object, like 我走着看书。 I'm walking while reading a book. But outside of that pattern, I don't know when to use it, I do know it can be used as a compliment to indicate success or completement of something but I get that, it's when it's used as a state of being that I don't understand.. I started reading more the other day and I'm seeing it used everywhere in the texts Im reading, way more than I would ever think of using it.

The other day I was making a commercial for my chinese class about a new flavor of cheese. I was saying I invented a new flavor of cheese that was every flavor in the world at once. I wanted to say something like 这块奶酪有各种各样世界的味道。 However, my chinese friend said it was wrong and said I should say 这块奶酪有着世界的味道。

Thanks for the help!

[Michaelyus]

http://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/

 

Their explanation on 着 is one of the better ones out there.

 

 

 

As for sentence-final particles, delimiting their many usages is probably more effort for most learners than absorbing them subconsciously. But it's good to look through a grammar book to see their core usages and leave the final detail to your ear.

 

StackExchange has asked this question several times.

AllSet Learning is relatively in-depth on some of the common particles.

Wikipedia itself has a fairly well-hidden but rather quite wide-ranging list.

[jmido8]

Thanks, I'll check it out!