List of some linguistic words

[Lu]

I just handed in a very difficult translation of a highly specialised linguistic article. Had some vocabulary help from OneEye, which was much appreciated. As I was working on the text I listed the terminology I came across, and I thought I'd post it here, in case it comes in useful to someone at some point. Feel free to correct or expand the list.

 

語法意義 grammatical meaning

平聲 MC level tone

上聲 MC rising tone

去聲 MC departing tone

變調構詞 derivation by tone change

及物動詞 transitive verb

不及物動詞 intransitive verb

雙及物 ditransitive 致使 causative

使動 causative

聲母 initial

韵母 rime

清 voiceless

濁 voiced

形態 morphology

異讀 reading variants

上古漢語 Archaic Chinese, Old Chinese

中古漢語 Middle Chinese

古漢語 historical Chinese

音切 same as 反切

變調 tone change

文法 grammar

語義 semantics

詞彙意義 lexical meaning

受事 patient

自主動詞 volitional verb

動作動詞 action verb

元音 vowel

收音 ending, syllable ending

既事式 perfective aspect (not sure of this one)

自動詞 intransitive verb

字書 character dictionary

施事 agentive, agency

終止 telicity

語法體貌 grammatical aspect

論元 argument

表意文字 ideograph

[Angelina]

完成體 perfective aspect

[陳德聰]

The only place I could find references to 既事式 was in a paper about PTB, where it is used to mean perfective aspect multiple times. Lots of terminology overlap in Linguistics as people like to make up their own words all the time. I could speculate that in the context I saw it, it was not talking about the perfect form of a verb but rather the perfective aspect being used to nominalise a verb (I didn't really read so much as CTRL+F so I don't know what it was about).

[Angelina]

藏语动词有既事式和 现在式、 将来式之分 也有完成体和未完成体的不同。 其中既事式和完成体采用相同的语音 形式。 根据张济川先生 的研究 藏语本来也只有未完成体和完成体的对立 而时 式是在未完成体和完成体对立的基础上再发展起来的。 梅祖麟先生 虽然认为上古 汉语动词派生名词的后缀 一比名词派生动词的 一 后缀历史要早 但通过对藏语名词后缀一 来源的分析 也似乎认为上古汉语的名词后缀 一 跟动词完成体有关。 梅祖麟先生对此并未肯 定 只是说 “ 也许跟藏语既事式的一 有关” 。 不过 梅祖麟先生只为解决这一 问题提供了一个 方向 认为有待于将来汉藏语的比较研究。

http://pdf.d.cnki.net/cjfdsearch/pdfdownloadnew.asp?encode=gb&nettype=cnet&zt=F084&filename=XbqNEWzM0cYF0ZMdGeYpGO5oHZPtCcPB1SNNzcGlHcDVTeXNXYZZmVzVkc652Q6hnaKJWbwVDR3xGbS5EdzZVeINlaNdHWNFUVI1US3FHdsVFS=0TUmtWNLR3SUtiQQJWNONWTONGa3dnNGhDetR3MRJ0NE9COS50VPJEZ0gkMUdUVRtid2gFdOVEbRFDczkFWOlXOyVTQrgDVhV2TlZjW6FldVN&doi=CNKI:SUN:MZYW.0.2005-02-001&filetitle=%BA%BA%B2%D8%D3%EF%B5%C4%CD%EA%B3%C9%CC%E5%BA%F3%D7%BA_s&p=cjfq&cflag=&pager=3-8

[陳德聰]

In the English literature it looks like there's quite a precedent for just conflating 既事式 and 完成體 and calling it the perfective, not sure why, but I don't care to tease out the controversy.

Edit: Or rather, not necessarily conflating the concepts, but just referring to the thing that is being referred to by 既事式 as "perfective", as in the verb stems being any mix of {present, perfective, future, imperative} or {present-future, perfective, imperative}. Sounds like a bit of a hornet's nest to me, but I think if the article that Lu translated relates to Tibetan, then translating that as perfective certainly isn't going to be wrong.

[Angelina]

Are you talking about English literature on Mandarin or Tibetan?

[陳德聰]

Tibetan... The paper I was talking about first though was written by a Chinese person, in English, with the word 既事式 in brackets after the word "perfective", and then there are a bunch of papers written in English by non-Chinese people where the thing they are talking about is the same thing, but they are calling it the perfective verb stem. Does Mandarin have something commonly referred to as 既事式？

[wibr]

So I was curious about the tones. In spoken language it's just 一聲，二聲，三聲，四聲 and 輕聲 for neutral tone. In 文言文 the first tone and second tone are both 平聲, the first is 陰平 and the second is 陽平. The third tone is 上聲 (shang3sheng1) and the fourth is 去聲.

[lips]

陰陽上去 is used in 語體文 as well.

[Hofmann]

Not quite. 文言文 is a written language, read aloud in whatever phonologies are convenient. 平上去入 are Middle Chinese tones which have evolved thus.

[Michaelyus]

完成體 does not indicate perfective aspect, but rather it refers to the perfect tense "construction". Most commonly used in discussions of the set of English verb constructions. I have seen it classified under a 时态 usually, viz 完成时态, also simply 完成时 (this I have come across especially in discussions of Latin morphology conducted in Chinese). 

[Lu]

Chen Decong, Angelina: the article was on tone change in Chinese through history. Tibetan was mentioned, but not expanded on.

[陳德聰]

The stuff I skimmed said that the perfective suffix may have actually been responsible for certain tone shifts I wonder if the translation you did will show up in my uni database!

[Messidor]

【既事式】perfect participle =完成式分詞 (https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Lyczwy/文言新詞總會)

as with perfective aspect, a common translation is 完成体