NQBlues Posted February 22, 2004 at 10:27 AM Report Posted February 22, 2004 at 10:27 AM I need some advice on improving my Mandarin speaking and listening skills. But before I ask the questions, here is a little info about me. My first language is Cantonese. I can write and read Chinese characters fairly well. I am also familiar with pinyin and bopomofo. So I can speak some simple Mandarin though with a heavy Cantonese accent. But my goal is to be at least semi-fluent in Mandarin before the end of this year. My questions are as follows: 1) Short of getting a Mandarin-speaking girlfriend, what is the best way to improve my speaking and listening skills (watching news/movies and listening to Mandarin songs have not been helpful)? 2) Is there a systematic way to distinguish a 1st-tone word from a 4th-tone word? I always get these two tones mixed up. These are the questions I can think of right now. Thank you for your time. Quote
pazu Posted February 22, 2004 at 11:56 AM Report Posted February 22, 2004 at 11:56 AM Oh I've heard that Cantonese accent is cute. ;) Quote
skylee Posted February 22, 2004 at 01:19 PM Report Posted February 22, 2004 at 01:19 PM Oh I've heard that Cantonese accent is cute. Oh yes definitely. Is there a systematic way to distinguish a 1st-tone word from a 4th-tone word? I always get these two tones mixed up. I have the same problem. I suggest you watch more CCTV drama (not just any mandarin production). Actually distinguishing them and pronuncing them correctly are not that difficult. I find it most difficult to remember which words should be 1st and which ones should be 4th. Quote
cometrue Posted February 22, 2004 at 06:18 PM Report Posted February 22, 2004 at 06:18 PM I suggest you watch more CCTV drama (not just any mandarin production). Actually distinguishing them and pronuncing them correctly are not that difficult. I find it most difficult to remember which words should be 1st and which ones should be 4th. may help if the region you are living in coudn't accept the program http://www.cctv.com/prime/zxzb/cctv9.html you can click CCTV-新闻 or CCTV-4 to accept its mandarin program Quote
NQBlues Posted February 22, 2004 at 08:41 PM Author Report Posted February 22, 2004 at 08:41 PM I have the same problem. I suggest you watch more CCTV drama (not just any mandarin production). Actually distinguishing them and pronuncing them correctly are not that difficult. I find it most difficult to remember which words should be 1st and which ones should be 4th. Yeah, I guess I'll just have to memorize which words should be 1st and which ones should be 4th. As for CCTV drama, unfortunately this is not an option for me. Although my permanent home is in Los Angeles, my profession requires me to travel a lot. For example, I am currently in Alabama. So having access to Madarin-speaking sources, especially human-to-human, is not easy. cometrue: Thanks for the link. But CCTV news is a bit too "advanced" for me at this point as I have difficulty understanding the contents. I've also tried the Chinese program run by VOA (Voice of America). They are very similar in that they pretty much report news and not much else. I guess the most effective way to improve my listening and speaking skills is none other than finding a Mandarin-speaking person who is willing to converse with me in Mandarin. Quote
Quest Posted February 23, 2004 at 01:40 AM Report Posted February 23, 2004 at 01:40 AM If you can read characters, watch movies with chinese subtitles. Quote
Quest Posted February 23, 2004 at 01:58 AM Report Posted February 23, 2004 at 01:58 AM I find it most difficult to remember which words should be 1st and which ones should be 4th. 1st Tone: 今,更(新),心,亲,乌 4th Tone: 禁,更(加),渗,衬,恶(wu) They correlate with cantonese well. Quote
cuthbert Posted February 23, 2004 at 03:15 AM Report Posted February 23, 2004 at 03:15 AM it's not difficult to find a chinese. Quote
smithsgj Posted February 23, 2004 at 03:20 AM Report Posted February 23, 2004 at 03:20 AM A Chinese what??? Quote
Lu Posted February 23, 2004 at 06:56 PM Report Posted February 23, 2004 at 06:56 PM 1) Short of getting a Mandarin-speaking girlfriend' date=' what is the best way to improve my speaking and listening skills (watching news/movies and listening to Mandarin songs have not been helpful)? 2) Is there a systematic way to distinguish a 1st-tone word from a 4th-tone word? I always get these two tones mixed up.[/quote'] 1) You can try and find some Mandarin-speaking friends, they don't have to be girls. Or live in a Mandarin-speaking environment for a while, if possible. 2) I'm afraid I can't help you on this one. Quote
gao_bo_han Posted March 15, 2004 at 10:08 PM Report Posted March 15, 2004 at 10:08 PM NQBlues: We are in similar predicaments when it comes to improving listening and speaking. My circumstances don't really permit me to go find Mandarin speaking friends and hang out with them either. And to tell you the truth, even when I was able to do so, all attempts ended with my Chinese friends speaking English to me and Mandarin to each other. As you are most likely of Chinese ethnicity, that may not be as much of a problem. Still, there are other ways to improve listening and speaking. Since you can already read Chinese characters and pinyin, I recommend John Defrancis' Beginning Chinese Reader, because the vocab lists contain Chinese characters (traditional), pinyin, and English. Each chapter contains illustrative sentences, dialogues, and short paragraphs/narratives (several pages worth). Grammar is not explained, but that won't be a problem since you can already read Chinese, and I have previously studied it. Order the 17 cassette tapes from Yale that accompany the books (two volumes), and listen as you go. I read both volumes, and have been listening to the tapes steadily for a month now (currently on tape 11). The set has been of tremendous help to me. Here's a little trick to improve speaking if you chose to use the set (or whatever resources you use): Very clearly pronounce all of the sentences, dialogues, and narratives until you feel comfortable saying everything. By the end of the chapter you will know how to say and understand all of the vocab, guaranteed. I can tell you that spending my free time for the past eight months pronouncing out loud (or just under my breath) two volumes of Chinese readers has improved my speaking, despite the fact I rarely speak with others. Oh, and about the fourth and first tones. If you are speaking very very slowly, then all tones should be exaggerated, and that is the best way to learn (for me). First tones should sound like you are singing: very high and even. Fourth tones (again, in slow "motion) should sound exactly the same for the first 2/3, and then sharply get lower. I would time myself saying each tone for three seconds. First tones do not change. I would hold a high singing tone for three seconds. With fourth tones, I held the exact same tone for precisely two seconds, and then dropped my tone from high to mid-low (in the same breath). I hope that helps. Cheers, Bo Han Quote
smithsgj Posted March 16, 2004 at 06:38 AM Report Posted March 16, 2004 at 06:38 AM I can't see the difficulty with 1st and 4th tones. One is flat and one falls. Is it because of a feature of Cantonese, like equivalent syllables on 1st and 4th have same Cantonese tone? Quote
skylee Posted March 16, 2004 at 09:20 AM Report Posted March 16, 2004 at 09:20 AM Smith, I think it is because Cantonese tones don't drop that way. Quest, I have re-read your post and have checked my dictionary. The pattern seems to be like this - Cantonese 1st tone (高平) -> Mandarin 1st tone (陰平) Cantonese 4th tone (低平) -> Mandarin 2nd tone (陽平) Cantonese 3rd tone (高去) & 6th tone (低去) -> Mandarin 4th tone (去聲) The pattern seems to be quite regular. And it looks helpful. Quote
sherman Posted March 16, 2004 at 12:13 PM Report Posted March 16, 2004 at 12:13 PM 中文是单音节的语言,比英语要浓缩,所以在同样的时间内,比如一分钟内,如果以同样的速度讲英语和讲汉语,显然,中文可以表达更多的内容;但一般情况下,中国人讲话比西方人要慢,因为我们可以在允许的时间内充分地表达思想。 Quote
sherman Posted March 16, 2004 at 12:17 PM Report Posted March 16, 2004 at 12:17 PM I am not sure whether you can view my post in Chinese above. If not ,please set your code as unicode in your IE. Thanks. Quote
smithsgj Posted March 17, 2004 at 01:00 AM Report Posted March 17, 2004 at 01:00 AM call me cynical, sherman, but I'd say that's a load of sinocentric unscientific gobbledygook. Not all westerners speak English for one thing, and it is not explained in what sense Chinese is monosyllabic. Were experiments done to measure speaking rate?? Where did you get it from? Quote
sherman Posted March 17, 2004 at 08:55 AM Report Posted March 17, 2004 at 08:55 AM Smith,这有一篇文章讨论了相关的问题,供你参考: 佚名 2004-3-8 中国人心里有这样一种成见;认为汉语迟早要被英语所淘汰。记得有一次,大概是胡野碧在辩论时干脆把它清楚地说了出来。前几天‘世纪大讲堂’请了一位学者李锐也认为全球化的结果是让英语统治世界。只有阮次山在一次‘大时代,小故事’中谈到汉语的思维速度比英语快。但是,他又提出一个问题;既然由于汉语使用了‘声’使得汉语的思维速度比英语快,那么,由于广东话中的声比普通话多,是不是广东话的思维速度比普通话更快呢?我的回答是,广东话虽然使用的声调多于普通话,但是,广东话有两个缺点,第一、它的文字规划得不好,文字表达欠佳,且有闭音节的声音存在。第二、它的声音利用率不高,普通话有21个声母、35个韵母和四声,连乘的结果是2900个声音,但是能够被利用的是2500个,而真正被用到普通话中的仅1200个。广东话有九声,即使它的声母和韵母与普通话一样多,那么它实际使用的声音也应该是普通话的两倍多才对,但是,广东话中实际使用的声音仅有1500个,与普通话相差不多,而它的利用率比普通话小了几乎一倍。利用率小,就说明难学。因为同样的一个声母或韵母,每次的使用实际上也是一种练习的过程,利用率高的声母或韵母必然容易记忆、容易掌握。日常生活中也可以看到,凡是常用的语言元素,包括声母、韵母、汉字和单词等到,越是经常使用的越容易掌握。语言的好坏其实取决于两个方面,第一、是不是能够用很少的记忆来掌握,第二、是不是能够在有生之年掌握到比其他人更多的知识?用一句极限的话来讲应该是:最好的语言是不学而知,但是所掌握的知识又最多的语言,或者说,学少而知多的语言。 英语与普通话相比则不同,国际音标中,英语有20个元音和20个辅音,所以英语的声音种类不会超过20×20=400个;反过来说,不在这四百个声音之内的任何声音都不被英语所承认,或者被认为是不正确的发音;这里所说的不是‘音节’。比较一下就会看出,汉语的发音种类是英语的3倍,两者的比值远大于广东话与普通话的比值。 下面要说一下,为什么声音种类越多,思维速度就越快。这个问题,去年我在‘北大中文’论坛讨论了一个月才使大家弄清楚,在这里我希望尽量说得简单。假设有一个仅会发两种声音的人,具体地讲,他就会发a和b两个音。根据电脑的理论,我们知道,他用这两个符号依然可以表达整个世界。再假设,世界上仅有400种事物需要表达,那么,一个英国人可以用每一个发音来表达400种事物中的一件,而仅会发两个声音的人,有时就不得不用九个发音来表达400种事物中的一件,因为二的九次方才大于400。比如,英国人用‘i’代表‘我’而仅会两个声音的人可能要用abbababba代表‘我’这个概念。一般人每发一个声音大约需要消耗四分之一秒的时间。比较两者就会看出,仅会两个声音的人,不但表达得慢,而且还费力气。在表达‘我’这个概念的时候,英国人使用四分之一秒的时间,而仅会两个声音的人使用了二又四分之一秒。如果两个人总以这样的比例生活一辈子,他们一生中所享受到的所有信息将是它的反比9:1。实际的情况中,最明显的是日语与汉语的对照,我们知道,日语使用了100种不同的声音,而汉语使用了1200种声音,因此很多汉字让倭国人一念就必须用两个或者三个声音来表达。我们假设日语中所有的字都用两个声音来表达,那么岂不是说,倭国人一生所能够享受到的信息仅仅是中国人的一半吗?我曾经思考过,这是不是与倭国历史上从来没有出现过伟大的思想家有关。我们知道,思维实际上是一种心里说的过程,如果在说话时表达得快,那么,思维的速度也应该跟着快。具体的例子是赵元任曾经比较用英语和汉语背诵乘法口诀的速度,汉语使用了30秒,而英语使用了45秒。因此,如果两个人同时用英语和汉语来背诵的话,到了30秒的时候,汉语使用者一定想到了九九八十一,而英语使用者则一定到不了这里,说不定,他想到的仅仅是七七四十九。这就证明了使用发音种类多的语言比使用发音种类少的语言思维速度快。这一点曾经被国、内外许多学者所证实。至于思维速度快是否就代表聪明这个问题是被很多学者所承认的。 我的证据是解释一个历史上的‘谜’古希腊人为什么比其他人更聪明?因为希腊的文化来自古菲尼基人,我们知道菲尼基人发明了人类的拼音字母,就声音的分解来说,这是一大进步,就思维速度来说,它是一大倒退。因为,为了筛选容易区分的声音元素,菲尼基人仅仅使用了22个辅音,这样,它的表达速度当然比现在任何语言都慢,而希腊人则采用了元音,我们知道元音与辅音结合以后,声音种类等于增加了好几倍。事实上,菲尼基人的声音中也有元音,否则他们是发不出来的。所谓的22个辅音是说他们仅承认这22个辅音为信息栽体,也就是,ma、me、mu、mai、muo在他们的耳朵里与一个m没有任何区别就像me的四种声调对于英国人来讲没有任何区别一样。由于声音种类的突然增加使得希腊人的思维突飞猛进,造成了后来的现象。论坛上曾经有人问汉语的声音种类依然多于英语,为什么没有英国先进。我的回答是,当声音种类突然增加的时候就有新思想出现,反之,当声音种类减少时,思想就趋于保守,而元朝以后,中国的声音中失掉了一个‘入’声,中国的衰弱正巧从那时开始。最后,在讨论尼安德特人的时候,人们也发现,使用声音种类少的人种会被历史淘汰。 我之所以认为汉语必定战胜英语的根据还不在这里,关键是要解决人类目前所面临的知识爆炸问题。我们知道,目前的英语单词包括各种生物名称及专利发明的新术语已经超过了数百万,如果考虑到英语中有一些可以推导和联想的成份;比如前、后缀和复合词等,它所需要记忆的基本单词也有一百万个。而所有这些单词在汉语中都可以用四千个汉字来表达。根本的原因还是英语的发音种类不够。 比如pork这个词,在英语中代表猪肉,它和猪pig、肉meat没有任何关系而仅仅代表它们的一个联合体而已,如果把猪肉pork、羊肉mutton、牛肉beef、猪油lard、羊油suet和牛油talon放在一起进行比较的话就发现,英语中所有的联体词都是一个与其中任何一个分解词毫无关联的新符号,而它们却构成了英语词汇的主体,英语中几百万的单词就是这样来的。它的根本原因是由于如果将pork改成pig和meat连在一起的形式,那么就要发音四次而pork仅仅发音两次;所以联体的词能够节省发音却要增加记忆,而分体的词,无需记忆可是却增加了发音次数。设想,一位屠夫,每天要用到‘猪肉’这个词上千次,使用两次发音的单词要比使用四次发音的词节省两千次发音,何乐不为?但是遇到不常用的词的时候,英语还是和汉语一样,使用分解的词,比如驴肉就用donkey meat来表达。因为不常用的词,即使设立了符号形式,别人也记不住。汉语能够将英语中联体词汇分解的功能,非常有用,它使所需要记忆的词汇大大地减少;不仅如此,它还能够将词汇在人们头脑中的位置整理得清清楚楚。达尔文主义的诞生就是建立在林奈的双名法的基础之上的,这种方法使得各种印象在脑子中由原来的平面,变成立体的。比如,在林奈以前,人们给所有的生物一个名字,结果,由于种类太多,同一种生物可能有两种名字,而另外的生物,可能没有名字。林奈则将所有的生物先分类,并且给出一个类名,然后在类名的下面放一个词,两者组成双名法的名字。这样不但清晰,而且大大的减少了需要记忆的符号;比如原来有一万个名字,现在分成一百个类,又在每类中分成一百种,我们所需要记忆的仅仅是一百个类名和一百个种名,共二百个,而不是原来的一万个。随着知识爆炸的问题逐渐恶化,人类就有必要将其他的术语也仿照这个方法改造,而目前唯一的办法就是按照汉语的结构进行改革。而原因还是在于发音种类的数量。 这个现象最先是德国的莱布尼兹体会到的,他认为汉语是自亚里士多得以来,西方世界梦寐以求的组义语言。但是,他没有看到声音的真正特性,却由于汉字的数量上的性能而定义汉字是世界上最先进的文字。我想,如果他看到今天知识爆炸的世界,他一定会要求世界上所有的国家废除拼音文字而采用汉字。 最后,谈一下关于人的一生中到底能够记住多少单词或符号的问题。中国人所使用的汉字通常在三到四千,而莎士比亚时代的英语仅有三万个单词,他本人能够全部掌握。但是,到了丘吉尔时代,他的单词量依然是三万个,可是,那个时候的英语已经拥有近百万个单词了。所以,我认为,莎士比亚使用英语单词的熟练程度是后人根本无法达到的。我曾经在网上向很多英语中高等教育的语言机构请教,到底学习英语应该掌握多少单词才成,但是,他们的回答总是含糊不清,或者扯一些别的东西。后来,在一些无法避免这个问题的文章中我发现,语言学家们对于英语单词的要求是:一个受过教育的英语使用者应该掌握五到二十五万单词,不但差距范围很大,而且,用这个标准来衡量,莎士比亚和丘吉尔都应该是文盲,至少是没受过教育的人。我认为,这是任何推崇英语的人的软肋,只要他们能够躲过别人问这个问题,其他的方面 ...... 我的观点曾经在北大中文网上讨论过。但是,可以看得出来,不知道的人还有很多,他们都认为自己是劣等民族和劣等文化。所以,在鼓舞中国人的信心方面还有很多事情要大家努力。其实,只要大家能够恢复信心,中国人在很多事情上早就应该领先于世界的。可是我们太爱钻牛角尖,总是当外国人设立一套标准的时候,我们拼命地追呀赶呀。为什么,我们自己不能够设立标准,也让他们换换口味?我记起几年以前,西方国家有一个喜欢指手划脚的毛病,那时,我也有一个毛病--喜欢掣肘拖腿。美国有一份cox报告,内中例举了大量的对比,用以说明中国人不可能通过三、四十次的核实验取得与美国一千多次核试相同的成果。唯一的解释就是中国盗窃了美国技术。有人也称这次事件为李文何事件。我那个时候给美国所有的参议员各发了一封电子信件。内容是说,如果他们希望彻底调查此事,就应该设立另外一个调查小组,好好研究一下汉语和英语在思维上面的差异。只有这样才能够弄清楚,为什么中国三、四十次的核试所取得的进展与美国一千多次核试的进展相差无几。在信的后面又附上了我的对于两种语言对比的计算书。后来,接到了不少回信,要求我告诉他们我的真实地址才肯继续考虑。 ……我也明白,不会有哪个美国参议员会提出任何有关的议案的,因为,任何有关议案的提出,其本身都是对于汉语的一种变相宣传,都是对于英语的贬低。没有任何美国人愿意辩论它。道理非常明显,如果辩论下去,必然牵扯到语音和语言学中的诸多问题,每一个问题都是他们的一块伤疤。目前,美国一直要求中国降低人民币汇率,但是,态度依然没有超出礼貌的范围,所以,这套理论还不适合。一旦他们超出了理性,那么,非常容易扯到语言学的问题上来。换句话说,是:由于英语的思考范围狭窄,所以不能够从更加长远的利益来考虑问题。但是,这话我还不敢说,至少不敢对美国人说。因为我是学工科的,工程上的事情我有点把握,可是一碰到经济问题,我心里没底。 类似的事情还有就是找世界语bbs进行辩论。谁都知道,世界语实际上是将英语改头换面设计的语言,当然不懂得使用‘声调’。我的问题是,英语的单词已经远远超过了常人的记忆极限,世界语有什么办法弥补这个缺陷吗?当时有人回答我说,世界语中使用派生的结构比英语更加明显。可是,当我将汉语中的声音种类,以及‘声调’的利用方法向他们解释以后,再也没有人发言了。 还有就是美国有一个‘只说英语运动’english only曾经向全世界争求意见。可想而知,我的意见是什么了。我告诉他们,你们一意推行英语实际上是将美国文化推向深渊,是在摧毁美国文化。拯救你们的方法只有重新选择一门带有‘声调’的语言。对于这些没学过汉语的人来说,他们一般不懂得什么是‘声调’,所以,只好用唱歌时候的音阶来向他们解释;任何一个英语‘音节’都可以跟随音阶变化出至少八种不同的声音,这和‘声调’的作用差不多。上述所说的实际上就是美国人的软肋,没有必要的话,我是不会乱碰的,影响团结。而且,随着中国国力的增加,我们可以说的也越来越少,因为说多了,就给人借口说中国威胁他们。 Quote
smithsgj Posted March 18, 2004 at 02:10 AM Report Posted March 18, 2004 at 02:10 AM > 英语有20个元音和20个辅音,所以英语的声音种类不会超过20×20=400个 If the word "string" is a 声音种类 then in theory it's 20^5 not 20*20. In fact there are about 10000 different syllables in English. And more like 40 phonemes -- where'd he get 20 from? The whole essay (with its puerile analogies and fuzzy logic) is based on a single false premise. > 这个问题,去年我在‘北大中文’论坛讨论了一个月才使大家弄清楚 ****************** Quote
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